This paper is divided in four parts. In the first part we introduce the method of internal critique of philosophical theories by examination of their external consistency with scientific theories. In the second part two metaphysical and one epistemological postulate of Wittgenstein's Tractatus are made explicit and formally expressed. In the third part we examine whether Tractarian metaphysical and epistemological postulates (the independence of simple states of affairs, the unique mode of their composition, possibility of complete empirical knowledge) are externally (...) consistent with the theory of quantum mechanics. The result of the inquiry is negative: Tractarian postulates ought to be be revised. Relying on the result we approach the question of the empirical character of logic in the fourth part. The description of theoretical transformations of the notion of disjunction, in its ontological, epistemological, and logical sense, is a common element of in all parts of the text. The conjecture on the existence of different types of disjunctive connectives in the language of quantum mechanics concludes the paper. (shrink)

The article considers the idea of astronomy as useful theoretical science as it was promoted by Federik Grisogono, Croatian renaissance philosopher, astrologist and physician in his work Astronomical Mirror. U ntill the Renaissance, theoretical science in principle could not be useful since this followed from the very aristotelian-platonic notion of theoretical science whose assignment was only to consider what is eternal and unchangeable. Theoretical science in any case could not be “useful science”. Grisogono considers possibility of a theoretical (...) science – mathematics – being the highest theoretical and at the same time useful science. For us, of course, astrology is none of this. However, by means of his groundbreaking notion of theoretical science, Grisogono worked towards suspending the traditional notion of the theoretical science, as well as towards opening of new possibilities of establishing the modern idea of science. (shrink)

En la protección de los bienes comunes en Estados Unidos desde el siglo xix hasta la actualidad, la doctrinal del public trust ha jugado un papel determinante. Esta doctrina, heredera de la tradición jurídica romana, basa su estructura conceptual en una relación fideicomisaria entre agente y principal y fue inicialmente invocada para la salvaguarda de los bienes comunes de su cercamiento y privatización. Con el paso de los años, se ha transformado en un instrumento jurídico clave para la protección ambiental. (...) En este artículo doy cuenta de su evolución y aplicación actual. (shrink)

Human reasoning is often conceived as an interplay between a more intuitive and deliberate thought process. In the last 50 years, influential fast-and-slow dual-process models that capitalize on this distinction have been used to account for numerous phenomena – from logical reasoning biases, over prosocial behavior, to moral decision making. The present paper clarifies that despite the popularity, critical assumptions are poorly conceived. My critique focuses on two interconnected foundational issues: the exclusivity and switch feature. The exclusivity feature refers to (...) the tendency to conceive intuition and deliberation as generating unique responses such that one type of response is assumed to be beyond the capability of the fast-intuitive processing mode. I review the empirical evidence in key fields and show that there is no solid ground for such exclusivity. The switch feature concerns the mechanism by which a reasoner can decide to shift between more intuitive and deliberate processing. I present an overview of leading switch accounts and show that they are conceptually problematic – precisely because they presuppose exclusivity. I build on these insights to sketch the groundwork for a more viable dual-process architecture and illustrate how it can set a new research agenda to advance the field in the coming years. (shrink)

Il est couramment admis qu’il existe une corrélation, sinon un rapport de cause à effet, entre la fréquence lexicale d’une dérivation et sa productivité, mesurée à l’aune de sa force d’attraction analogique. Or cette thèse est démentie par l’examen détaillé des faits d’apophonie nominale en portugais. De deux alternances qui se partagent un sous-ensemble de nominaux, c’est la dérivation minoritaire, ainsi que le révèle l’analyse d’un corpus de 238 mots, qui, depuis le XIXème siècle, gagne lentement du terrain dans le (...) standard de Lisbonne, et y exerce une force analogique sur l’alternance majoritaire sans commune mesure avec le phénomène inverse. On déduira de cet apparent paradoxe et de sa spécificité dialectale que le véritable moteur du changement analogique ne réside pas dans le nombre d’entrées voire de sorties lexicales, mais dans l’existence, au sein de la grammaire du locuteur, de « schèmes dérivationnels » pouvant à l’occasion être mis en concurrence sous certaines conditions distributionnelles et sociolinguistiques. (shrink)

Neste artigo, tensiono a construção da África com base na própria construção do “outro” enquanto um desafio para as ciências sociais e humanas. A partir de uma reflexão sobre o próprio processo de formação da África, muitos termos e nacionalismos foram utilizados para a chegada a um denominador comum acerca daquilo que define o continente africano, bem como também daquilo que se esvai em diferenças de perspectiva, de regiões e de buscas por esta identidade. Assim, escolho como exemplo meu estudo (...) sobre a obra A Geração da Utopia enquanto um processo a partir do qual a dificuldade para a chegada a um entendimento sobre identidade pode revelar um desafio maior: entender como múltiplas identidades foram sendo construídas, em parte como herança de uma visão nacionalista sobre identidade, e de que maneira os escritores africanos, à sua maneira, representam-na dentro de contextos específicos. Palavras-chave: identidade; Angola; Pepetela; mestiçagem; nacionalismo; história. (shrink)

O relato de experiência a que este texto se refere provém do módulo intitulado Violência no Espaço Escolar, do Curso de Extensão em Gênero, Raça e Diversidade Sexual/ODEERE. A partir de temas que envolvem raça/etnia, gênero, e sexualidades, foram promovidos debates relacionados a preconceitos e discriminações que se manifestam no espaço escolar voltados para o racismo, sexismo e à homo-lesbo-bi-transfobia. O desenvolvimento da proposta didática pautou-se na abordagem qualitativa à luz da dialética, com o intuito de problematizar incômodos prescritos pelo (...) poder hegemônico e de pensar alternativas de mudanças para a promoção de uma convivência respeitosa primando pela valorização das diferenças. Palavras-chave: Violência. Escola. Diferenças. (shrink)

A guerra civil iniciada no final de 2013 no Sudão do Sul causou, pela primeira vez na história das Nações Unidas, um afluxo gigantesco de deslocados internos para o interior de bases da Missão das Nações Unidas no Sudão do Sul, em busca de proteção. Assim, foram criados os Protection of Civilian Sites. Com a chegada de dezenas de milhares de pessoas em poucas semanas, houve um enorme crescimento nas demandas humanitárias e de segurança. Para prover a necessária proteção, foi (...) necessário o trabalho conjunto de militares, policiais e civis da UNMISS, que será apresentado nesse trabalho. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa el diálogo que Husserl establece con Humemientras reconstruye la génesis de la filosofía. Lo discutiréen dos partes: la primera se refiere a la “verdadera filosofía”y, la segunda, desarrolla una lectura fenomenológica delmétodo experimental de Hume. Intento explicar la evaluaciónambivalente que hace Husserl del proyecto de Hume, yproponer una manera en la que Hume pueda responder a suscríticas. Concluyo, más allá de Husserl, que Hume abrió uncamino promisorio para la fenomenología, que yo llamo una“fenomenología detrascendentalizada”.

Subject of this article is the Belgian citizen's oppositional behaviour taken in the largest sense and considered as an opportunity to express his preferences. Starting from the supposition that a policy decision is not perceived as being conform to the citizens' interests or beliefs, attention is focused on their propensity to engage in oppositional action and their preferences for different means of expression.Such propensity appears to be rather limited and therefore one has also examined their belief in the success of (...) an oppositional action and their insight in contemporary societal problems.Those data are compared with the actual oppositional behaviour during the last five years, which was found to be even smaller than the propensity. Further, three scales are constructed, indicating similarities and dissimilarities, as far as means of expression are concerned, between the preferences of the whole population and the behaviour of the small number of opponents.In a second approach, the degree of politica! participation, dissatisfaction and information is successively examined in relation to the oppositional behaviour. This research reveals that each of these three elements induces a more intensive oppositional activity as well as a different behaviour concerning the use of oppositional means. Political participation however is the most infiuencing factor. Oppositional behaviour is a complex phenomenon. Information on the content of the oppositional action, not included in this inquiry, would complete this approach. (shrink)

In the present article it is proposed to think about the possibility of an ethics in times of precariousness; on the one hand, through the figure of the Other that appears as a Face in E. Lévinas’ ethics of responsibility, as it is received by Butler in Precarious Life. And, on the other hand, through a proposal to re-read, which we believe it is necessary, the passage known as the “Parable of the Good Samaritan”, key-text in our pre-understanding-hermeneutical background about (...) the link between ethics and openness to the Other. That re-reading would help us to think about the possibility of an ethics that articulates care as assistance to the Other and delegation to an “Other” of the Other, that is usually forgotten. (shrink)

Deictic (or pointing) gestures are traditionally known to have a simple function: to supply something as the referent of a demonstrative linguistic expression. I argue that deixis can have a more complex function. A deictic gesture can be used to _say something_ in conversation and can thereby become a full discourse move in its own right. To capture this phenomenon, which I call _rich demonstration_, I present an update semantics on which deictic gestures can indicate situations from a conversation’s context (...) and those situations coherently connect to prior discourse to generate information. (shrink)

Resumo: Arthur Schopenhauer ficou conhecido como o pensador do “pessimismo filosófico”. Tratase de uma doutrina que, em linhas gerais, apresenta uma determinada interpretação acerca do valor do mundo, mas que, em seu sentido ainda mais básico, questiona a possibilidade de atribuição de valor ao todo da existência: há “justificação” para a existência? A partir da resposta a essa pergunta, o filósofo alemão desenvolve sua “metafísica da vontade” e, como seu desdobramento, sua teoria da “redenção”, ou soteriologia. Entretanto, o “filósofo do (...) pessimismo” também afirma, em sua obra, que há uma “ordenação moral de mundo” e um “significado moral da existência”, o que parece ir na direção oposta ao “pessimismo”. O presente artigo analisa o significado das noções de ordenação moral de mundo e justificação da existência no pensamento de Schopenhauer, a fim de demonstrar em que medida significado moral da existência e pessimismo filosófico se relacionam no pensamento do autor.: Arthur Schopenhauer is known as the thinker of “philosophical pessimism”. It means, in general lines, the doctrine that presents a certain worldview, but in its more basic sense, it questions the possibility of giving a meaning to the whole of existence: is there “justification” for the existence? By answering this question the German philosopher develops his “metaphysics of the will” and, as its unfolding, his theory of “redemption”, or soteriology. However, the “philosopher of pessimism” also asserts in his work that there is a “moral ordinance of world” and a “moral meaning of existence”, which seems to go on the opposite direction of what is claimed by the “pessimism”. The present paper analyses the sense of the notions of moral ordinance of world and justification of existence in Schopenhauer’s thought, in order to demonstrate how far moral meaning of life and philosophical pessimismo interact in his thought. (shrink)

Understanding the pervasiveness of sin is central to Christian theology. The question of why humans are so sinful given an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent God presents a challenge and a puzzle. Here, we investigate Friedrich Schleiermacher’s biocultural evolutionary account of sin. We look at empirical evidence to support it and use the cultural Price equation to provide a naturalistic model of the transmission of sin. This model can help us understand how sin can be ubiquitous and unavoidable, even though it (...) is not biologically transmitted, and even if there is no historical Fall that precipitated the tendency to sin. (shrink)

La figura de José Carlos Mariátegui es una referencia intelectual en el pensamiento revolucionario latinoamericano. Su producción intelectual está acompañada de un compromiso político con las ideas transformadoras aplicadas al conjunto de América Latina y, de manera especial, a Perú. Sus aportaciones teóricas y sus propuestas prácticas para organizar a la clase obrera del país andino son motivo de disputa ideológica en el seno del comunismo peruano durante las décadas centrales del siglo XX. En ese ambiente surge Sendero Luminoso, una (...) organización dispuesta a impulsar el proceso revolucionario por la vía armada. Este texto busca los anclajes de su ideario a partir de los planteamientos iniciales sugeridos por el autor de Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana. (shrink)

Présente le parcours philosophique de Merleau-Ponty tant dans sa formation que dans ses objectifs. Ses références : Descartes, Leibniz, Gabriel Marcel. Ses concepts opératoires : le concret, l'incarnation, l'intentionnalité, les chiasmes.

Este artigo propõe-se a apresentar osistema hegeliano como uma tentativa de unificara Lógica e a Ontologia. Neste sentido, Hegel radicalizariaa filosofia crítica como aquela que pensao objeto de conhecimento enquanto constituídopelo sujeito. Mostraremos que, para Hegel, as categoriasapresentadas na Ciência da Lógica sãocategorias do ser e do pensamento sobre o ser.Por fim, exploraremos a noção de exposição daIdéia hegeliana como aquela que desdobra suaidealidade na objetividade mundana.

On trouvera dans ce volume des textes qui refletent certains aspects de la dernieres philosophies de Maine de Biran, ainsi que de nombreux temoignages de ses lectures entre 1818 et 1823. Sa pensee se developpe selon trois perspectives: une redefinition de la philosophie a l'occasion d'une critique detaillee de Bonald (sur l'origine du langage et la definition de l'homme, notamment), une reflexion sur la morale (qui s'efforce de trouver une troisieme voie a partir de Condillac et Kant), et une reprise (...) de la tradition religieuse (Lamennais, Bossuet, Fenelon, commentaire de l'Evangile de saint Jean). Son evolution vers un platonisme de plus en plus marque, la presence croissante du christianisme peuvent se lire a travers de nombreux textes et appendices - tous inedits (sur Plotin, Proclus, saint Augustin) - ou s'elabore plus nettement le theme de la troisieme vie. (shrink)

L'auteur montre que la demonstration aristotelicienne du principe de non-contradiction se joue sur le terrain de la psychologie. Le livre Gamma de la Metaphysique renvoie au traite De l'ame et c'est a une theorie de l'enonciation qu'aboutit Aristote: l'unite offerte par l'acte d'affirmer etant, selon lui, l'expression non seulement de l'unite, mais encore de l'individualite du sujet.

DANS QUELLE MESURE LES CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA NOTION RENANIENNE DE LA SCIENCE CORRESPONDENT-ELLES D'UNE PART AU COURANT REDUCTIONNISTE, D'AUTRE PART A L'IDEE SYNTHETISANTE OU GLOBALISANTE QUI SE FORMULE EN TERMES D'INSATISFACTION ET D'EXIGENCES A RESONANCE ROMANTIQUE? VAUT-IL LA PEINE D'ETUDIER L'UVRE RENANIENNE DANS L'OPTIQUE DE NOS CONNAISSANCES SUR L'HISTOIRE DES IDEES AU XIXE SIECLE? PEUT-ON PARLER DE L'ACTUALITE DE LA PENSEE DE RENAN AUJOURD'HUI QUAND LES PREOCCUPATIONS EPISTEMOLOGIQUES CONTINUENT A DOMINER LA REFLEXION PHILOSOPHIQUE? LA PENSEE DE RENAN HESITE ENTRE L'EPISTEMOLOGIE (...) REDUCTIONNISTE, ALIMENTEE PAR LES RESULTATS DES SCIENCES EXPERIMENTALES, ET L'ATTITUDE GLOBALISANTE SOUHAITANT DONNER A LA CONNAISSANCE LA TOTALITE COMME OBJET. LA SCIENCE DE GALILEE, DE NEWTON ET DE LAPLACE A REDUIT LA RICHESSE INDIVIDUELLE DES PHENOMENES A DES CAS IDEALISES, PRIVES EN PREMIER LIEU DE LEUR HISTOIRE. C'EST LE TEMPS-DEVENIR QUI REVENDIQUE SES DROITS DANS CETTE CONCEPTION ETAYEE PAR LA PHILOSOPHIE ALLEMANDE. POSITIVISME ET ROMANTISME DESIGNENT CHEZ RENAN LES DEUX POLES D'UN CONFLIT D'ORDRE EPISTEMOLOGIQUE. IL SERAIT PREFERABLE DE REMPLACER DORENAVANT CES TERMES PAR REDUCTIONNISMEET GLOBALISME EPISTEMOLOGIQUES. LA METHODE DOUBLE SUGGEREE PAR RENAN, COMPOSEE DE RIGUEUR ET DE FINESSE SIGNIFIE QU'IL A PRIS CONSCIENCE DE LA CAUSE QUI PRESIDAIT A L'INSUFFISANCE DE LA DEMARCHE REDUCTIONNISTE : IL S'EST RENDU COMPTE QUE LE TEMPS-DEVENIR DEVAIT ENTRER DANS LA DEFINITION DE L'OBJET SCIENTIFIQUE. LA PENSEE DE RENAN, AVEC TOUT SON ATTACHEMENT A DES FORMULES QUI SEMBLENT AUJOURD'HUI AVOIR VECU, EST UNE PROMESSE NON TENUE : L'ELABORATION RIGOUREUSE DE SES IDEES AURAIT PU DONNER NAISSANCE A UN SYSTEME EPISTEMOLOGIQUE UNIFIE DE LA SCIENCE. L'UNIFICATION QUI SE PASSERAIT NEANMOINS SOUS L'EGIDE DES SCIENCES HUMAINES PUISQUE CELLES-CI SONT CAPABLES DE DEPASSER LE REDUCTIONNISME ETROIT DE LA METHODE PRATIQUEE PAR LES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE. (shrink)

Hastings Center Report, Volume 52, Issue 5, Page 3-3, September–October 2022.

In this paper, I attempt a reconstruction of the theory of intersections in the geometry of Euclid. It has been well known, at least since the time of Pasch onward, that in the Elements there are no explicit principles governing the existence of the points of intersections between lines, so that in several propositions of Euclid the simple crossing of two lines (two circles, for instance) is regarded as the actual meeting of such lines, it being simply assumed that the (...) point of their intersection exists. Such assumptions are labelled, today, as implicit claims about the continuity of the lines, or about the continuity of the underlying space. Euclid’s proofs, therefore, would seem to have some demonstrative gaps that need to be filled by a set of continuity axioms (as we do, in fact, find in modern axiomatizations).I show that Euclid’s theory of intersections was not in fact based on any notion of continuity at all. This is not only because Greek concepts of continuity (such as the Aristotelian ones) were largely insufficient to ground a geometrical theory of intersections, but also, at a deeper level, because continuity was simply not regarded as a notion that had any role to play in the latter theory. Had Euclid been asked to explain why the points of intersections of lines and circles should exist, it would have never occurred to him to mention continuity in this connection. Ancient geometry was very different from ours, and it is only our modern views on continuity that tend to give rise to the expectation that this latter must be included in the foundations of elementary mathematics.We may hope to reconstruct Euclid’s views on intersections if we undertake a critical examination both of the extension and of the limits of ancient diagrammatic practices. This is tantamount to attempting to understand to what extent the existence of an intersection point may be inferred just from the inspection of a diagram, and in which cases we need rather to supplement such inference by propositional rules. This leads us to discuss Euclid’s definition of a point, and to work out the details of the complex interaction between diagrams and text in ancient geometry. We will see, then, that Euclid may have possessed a theory of intersections that was sufficiently rigorous to dispel the main objections that could be advanced in antiquity. (shrink)

'Tu m'as déçu!' Qui, aujourd'hui, pourrait se relever d'une telle accusation? Et qui, aussi, n'y a jamais recouru? Nous sommes les êtres de la déception, car nous ne cessons de décevoir et d'être déçu. Pourtant, les moralistes l'ont martelé : être déçu, c'est avant tout être la victime d'attentes qui n'existaient que dans notre tête. Mais si ce n'était pas tout? Et si, derrière la fable morale, se dissimulait toute une politique, une théologie et même une métaphysique? Et si, derrière (...) la danse de l'espoir et de la déception, des attentes et de leur frustration, se déployait un véritable ordre du monde, décidant, pour nous, de ce que nous pouvons et ne pouvons pas? Et si décevoir était avant tout une manière de s'y soustraire? Poursuivant son travail de décadrage des grands concepts issus de la modernité, Laurent de Sutter ajoute un chapitre jouissif au chantier de ses Propositions."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

La obra de Francisco Romero (1891-1962) ha revolucionado el pensamiento argentino no sólo en el sentido de crear un nuevo sistema filosófico, sino en el de sentar una genuina filosofía americana. Su trabajo se extendió no sólo al campo filosófico, sino también al editorial y universitario. En este contexto y a través del epistolario entramos en la práctica y los contenidos de sociabilidad, para delinear las contribuciones de la categoría en el campo de la historia de las ideas. Desde esta (...) perspectiva partimos en el estudio del epistolario de Romero con filósofos de EEUU. Es acerca de un epistolario, esto es, un corpus de cartas que sostuvo con filósofos norteamericanos y europeos con residencia en EEUU entre 1942-1962. Entendemos que tal reservorio nos abre un camino para estudiar la escritura epistolar bajo códigos de sociabilidad. The work of Francisco Romero (1891-1962) has revolutionized the argentinian thought not in the sense of creating a new philosophy system, but in the one of setting out a genuine american philosophy. His work extended not only to the philosophical field but also to the publishing and universitary ones. In this context and through epistolary paths we enter the practice and contents of sociability, to outline the contributions of the category to the field of the history of ideas. As from this perspective we dwell on the study of the epistolary of Romero with philosophers in the United States. It is about an epistolary, that is to say, a corpus of letters that he held with american and european philosophers living in the US between 1942-1962. We understood that such reservoir opens us a way to place epistolary writing in a sociability code. (shrink)

Au début du XXe siècle, si la Chine demeure encore largement une terre vierge pour les explorateurs occidentaux, elle fascine également les chercheurs. Qu'ils soient géographes, géologues, paléontologues ou préhistoriens, tous savent que de formidables découvertes restent à y faire. Suédois et Américains font rapidement le voyage vers l'Empire du Milieu, mais ce sont des Français qui, sur le terrain, vont écrire les plus belles pages de la découverte du Paléolithique de Chine, des premières industries lithiques à l'étude du gisement (...) de l'Homme de Pékin. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin est l'un d'entre eux, qui durant près de vingt ans va parcourir des milliers de kilomètres dans les campagnes et les déserts de Chine et de Mongolie, à la recherche des premiers hommes. Entre 1923 et 1940, il maintient une relation épistolaire avec son port d'attache à Paris, le Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, en la personne de son professeur de paléontologie, Marcellin Boule. Au fil de quatre-vingt-neuf lettres, interrompues par seulement une dizaine de retours vers l'Occident et par sa participation à la fameuse Croisière Jaune Citroën, il décrit, sur fond de rumeurs révolutionnaires évoquées ici et là, ses explorations et ses découvertes à son " Maître et ami ", de vingt ans son aîné, et à qui il voue une dévotion reconnaissante et quasi filiale - " [...] celui à qui je dois tout dans ma carrière scientifique [...] ". Au-delà de sa valeur scientifique, chacune de ces lettres - qu'elle soit écrite du désert de Gobi, des rives du Fleuve Jaune ou à bord d'un véhicule de la Croisière Jaune - est le reflet d'une formidable épopée. Véritable " Journal de bord " d'un savant, cette correspondance se révèle, tout autant que l'écho d'une extraordinaire aventure humaine, la découverte d'un pays prodigieux. (shrink)

Digital COVID certificates are a novel public health policy to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. These immunity certificates aim to incentivize vaccination and to deny international travel or access to essential spaces to those who are unable to prove that they are not infectious. In this article, we start by describing immunity certificates and highlighting their differences from vaccination certificates. Then, we focus on the ethical, legal, and social issues involved in their use, namely autonomy and consent, data protection, equity, and (...) international mobility from a global fairness perspective. The main conclusion of our analysis is that digital COVID certificates are only acceptable if they meet certain conditions: that they should not process personal data beyond what is strictly necessary for the aimed goals, that equal access to them should be guaranteed, and that they should not restrict people’s autonomy to access places where contagion is unlikely. We conclude that, if such conditions are guaranteed, digital COVID certificates could contribute to mitigating some of the most severe socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic. (shrink)

An extension of intuitionism to empirical discourse, a project most seriously taken up by Dummett and Tennant, requires an empirical negation whose strength lies somewhere between classical negation (‘It is unwarranted that. . . ’) and intuitionistic negation (‘It is refutable that. . . ’). I put forward one plausible candidate that compares favorably to some others that have been propounded in the literature. A tableau calculus is presented and shown to be strongly complete.

We will examine and discuss the nature and content of thedefinitions of the first part of Spinoza’s Ethics in relation to Euclid’s Elements.Our main purpose is to point out that the Spinozistic definitionsare distinct and discrepant from Euclidean definitions in some significantaspects. From this, we will point out and consider the differences andsimilarities that exist between the Euclidean geometric method and theSpinozistic geometric method, in order to problematize the theme of thepresence of the geometric method in Spinoza’s Ethics.